Training and development Research also shows that interventions that use integrative methods for encouraging and learning from diverse cognitive perspectives have a significant impact on organizational performance (Van de Ven et al., 2008). (Beechler and Woodward, 2009) As Williams (1998) defined it, ‘learning is goal directed, it is based on experience, it impacts behavior and cognition, and the changes brought about are relatively stable’. Honey and Mumford (1996) explained that: ‘Learning has happened when people can demonstrate that they know something that they did not know before (insights, realizations as well as facts) and when they can do something they could not do before (skills)’. Mumford and Gold (2004) emphasized that: ‘Learning is both a process and an outcome concerned with knowledge, skills and insight.’ According to the Harrison (2005) There are four types of learning: 1. Instrumental learning – learning how to do the job better once th...